CATEGORY 2 - MATERIALS PROCESSING

A. EQUIPMENT, ASSEMBLIES AND COMPONENTS

License Exceptions

Note: 2A001 does not control balls with tolerances specified by the manufacturer in accordance with ISO 3290 as grade 5 or worse.

a. Ball bearings and solid roller bearings, having all tolerances specified by the manufacturer in accordance with ISO 492 Tolerance Class 4 (or national equivalents), or better, and having both rings and rolling elements (ISO 5593), made from monel or beryllium;

Note: 2A001.a does not control tapered roller bearings.

b.RESERVED

2A101 Radial Ball Bearings Having all Tolerances Specified in Accordance With ISO 492 Tolerance Class 2 (or ANSI/ABMA Std 20 Tolerance Class ABEC-9 or Other National Equivalents), or Better and Having all the Following Characteristics (see List of Items Controlled).

2A226 Valves having all of the following characteristics (see List of Items Controlled).

Technical Notes:

1. 2A291.e does not control neutron flux detectors and monitors. These are subject to the export licens ing authority of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, pursuant to 10 CFR part 110.

2. 2A291.e does not control general purpose radiation detection equipment, such as geiger counters and dosimeters. These items are controlled by ECCN 1A999.

2A991 Bearings and bearing systems not controlled by 2A001.

(a) DN is the product of the bearing bore diameter in mm and the bearing rotational velocity in rpm.

(b) Operating temperatures include those temperatures obtained when a gas turbine engine has stopped after operation.

2A983 Explosives or detonator detection equipment, both bulk and trace based, consisting of an automated device, or combination of devices for automated decision making to detect the presence of different types of explosives, explosive residue, or detonators; and parts and components,n.e.s.

Note: Explosives or detonation detection equipment in 2A983 includes equipment for screening people, documents, baggage, other personal effects, cargo and/or mail.

2A984 Concealed object detection equipment operating in the frequency range from 30 GHz to 3000 GHz and having a spatial resolution of 0.5 milliradian up to and including 1 milliradian at a standoff distance of 100 meters; and parts and components, n.e.s.

(1) Concealed object detection equipment operating in the frequency range from 30 GHz to 3000 GHz and having a spatial resolution less than 0.5 milliradian (a lower milliradian number means a more accurate image resolution) at a standoff distance of 100 meters is under the export licensing authority of the U.S. Department of State (22 CFR parts 120 through 130).

(2) Concealed object detection equipment operating in the frequency range from 30 GHz to 3000 GHz and having a spatial resolution greater than 1 milliradian (a higher milliradian number means a less accurate image resolution) at a standoff distance of 100 meters is designated as EAR99. (3) See ECCNs 2D984 and 2E984 for related software and technology controls.

(3) See ECCNs 2D984 and 2E984 for related software and technology controls.

Related Definitions: N/A

Note: Concealed object detection equipment includes but is not limited to equipment for screening people, documents, baggage, other personal effects, cargo and/or mail.

Technical Note: The range of frequencies span what is generally considered as the millimeter-wave, submillimeter-wave and terahertz frequency regions.

2A994 Portable electric generators and specially designed parts.

Note: Exports from the U.S. and transhipments to Iran must be licensed by the Department of Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control. (See §742.8 and §746.7 of the EAR for additional information on this requirement.)

B. TEST, INSPECTION AND PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT

1. Secondary parallel contouring axes, (e.g., the w-axis on horizontal boring mills or a secondary rotary axis the center line of which is parallel to the primary rotary axis) are not counted in the total number of contouring axes. Rotary axes need not rotate over 360°. A rotary axis can be driven by a linear device (e.g., a screw or a rack-and-pinion).

2. The number of axes which can be coordinated simultaneously for "contouring control" is the number of axes along or around which, during processing of the workpiece, simultaneous and interrelated motions are performed between the workpiece and a tool. This does not include any additional axes along or around which other relative motions within the machine are performed, such as:

2.a. Wheel-dressing systems in grinding machines;

2.b. Parallel rotary axes designed for mounting of separate workpieces;

2.c. Co-linear rotary axes designed for manipulating the same workpiece by holding it in a chuck from different ends.

3. Axis nomenclature shall be in accordance with International Standard ISO 841, "Numerical Control Machines-Axis and Motion Nomenclature".

4. A "tilting spindle" is counted as a rotary axis.

5. 'Stated positioning accuracy' derived from measurements made according to ISO 230/2 (2006) may be used for each specific machine model as an alternative to individual machine tests. 'Stated positioning accuracy' means the accuracy value provided to BIS as representative of the accuracy of a specific machine model.

Note to paragraph 5: Determination of 'Stated Positioning Accuracy' :

a. Select five machines of a model to be evaluated;

b. Measure the linear axis accuracies according to ISO 230/2 (2006);

c. Determine the A-values for each axis of each machine. The method of calculating the A-value is described in the ISO standard;

d. Determine the mean value of the A-value of each axis. This mean value A becomes the stated value of each axis for the model (x y * * *);

e. Since the Category 2 list refers to each linear axis there will be as many stated values as there are linear axes;

f. If any axis of a machine model not controlled by 2B001.a. to 2B001.c. has a stated accuracy of 5 µ for grinding machines and 6.5µ for milling and turning machines or better, the builder should be required to reaffirm the accuracy level once every eighteen months.

6. Measurement uncertainty for the positioning accuracy of machine tools, as defined in the International Standard ISO 230/2 (2006), shall not be considered.

Note 1:

2B001 does not control special purpose machine tools limited to the manufacture of gears. For such machines, see 2B003.

Note 2:

2B001 does not control special purpose machine tools limited to the manufacture of any of the following:

a. Crank shafts or cam shafts;

b. Tools or cutters;

c. Extruder worms; or

d. Engraved or faceted jewellery parts.

Note 3:

A machine tool having at least two of the three turning, milling or grinding capabilities (e.g., a turning machine with milling capability), must be evaluated against each applicable entry 2B001.a., b. or c.

a. Machine tools for turning having all of the following:

a.1. Positioning accuracy according to ISO 230/2 (2006) with "all compensations available" equal to or less (better) than 4.5µ along one or more linear axis; and

a.2. Two or more axes which can be coordinated simultaneously for "contouring control";

Note:

2B001.a does not control turning machines specially designed for producing contact lenses, having all of the following:

a. Machine controller limited to using ophthalmic based software for part programming data input; and

b. No vacuum chucking.

b. Machine tools for milling having any of the following:

b.1. Having all of the following:

b.1.a. Positioning accuracy according to ISO 230/2 (2006) with "all compensations available" of less (better) than 4.5 [mu]m along one or more linear axis; and/p>

b.1.b. Three linear axes plus one rotary axis which can be coordinated simultaneously for "contouring control";

b.2. Five or more axes which can be coordinated simultaneously for "contouring control";

b.3. A positioning accuracy according to ISO 230/2 (2006) for jig boring machines, with "all compensations available", of less (better) than 3.0 [mu]m along any linear axis; or

b.4. Fly cutting machines having all of the following:

b.4.a. Spindle "run-out" and "camming" less (better) than 0.0004 mm TIR; and

b.4.b. Angular deviation of slide movement (yaw, pitch and roll) less (better) than 2 seconds of arc, TIR, over 300 mm of travel.

c. Machine tools for grinding having any of the following:

c.1. Having all of the following:

c.1.a. Positioning accuracy according to ISO 230/2 (2006) with "all compensations available" of less (better) than 3.0 [mu]m along one or more linear axis; and

c.1.b. Three or more axes which can be coordinated simultaneously for "contouring control"; or

c.2. Five or more axes which can be coordinated simultaneously for "contouring control";

Notes:

2B001.c does not control grinding machines as follows

:

a. Cylindrical external, internal, and external-internal grinding machines, having all of the following:

a.1. Limited to cylindrical grinding; and

a.2. Limited to a maximum workpiece capacity of 150 mm outside diameter or length.

b. Machines designed specifically as jig grinders that do not have a z-axis or a w-axis, with a positioning accuracy according to ISO 230/2 (2006) with "all compensations available" less (better) than 3 [mu]m.

c. Surface grinders.

d. Electrical discharge machines (EDM) of the non-wire type which have two or more rotary axes which can be coordinated simultaneously for "contouring control";

e. Machine tools for removing metals, ceramics or "composites", having all of the following:

e.1. Removing material by means of any of the following:

e.1.a. Water or other liquid jets, including those employing abrasive additives;

e.1.b. Electron beam; or

e.1.c. "Laser" beam; and

e.2. At least two rotary axes having all of the following:

e.2.a. Can be coordinated simultaneously for "contouring control"; and

e.2.b. A positioning accuracy of less (better) than 0.003[deg];

f. Deep-hole-drilling machines and turning machines modified for deep-hole-drilling, having a maximum depth-of-bore capability exceeding 5 m and specially designed components therefor.

2B002 Numerically controlled optical finishing machine tools equipped for selective material removal to produce non-spherical optical surfaces having all of the following characteristics (See List of Items Controlled).

a. Finishing the form to less (better) than 1.0 [mu]m;

b. Finishing to a roughness less (better) than 100 nm rms;

c. Four or more axes which can be coordinated simultaneously for "contouring control"; and

d. Using any of the following processes:

d.1. `Magnetorheological finishing (MRF)';

d.2. `Electrorheological finishing (ERF)';

d.3. `Energetic particle beam finishing';

d.4. `Inflatable membrane tool finishing'; or

d.5. `Fluid jet finishing'.

2B003 "Numerically controlled" or manual machine tools, and specially designed components, controls and accessories therefor, specially designed for the shaving, finishing, grinding or honing of hardened (Rc = 40 or more) spur, helical and double-helical gears with a pitch diameter exceeding 1,250 mm and a face width of 15% of pitch diameter or larger finished to a quality of AGMA 14 or better (equivalent to ISO 1328 class 3).

License Requirement Notes: See §743.1 of the EAR for reporting requirements for exports under License Exceptions.

2B004 Hot "isostatic presses" having all of the characteristics described in the List of Items Controlled, and specially designed components and accessories therefor.

Technical Note: The inside chamber dimension is that of the chamber in which both the working temperature and the working pressure are achieved and does not include fixtures. That dimension will be the smaller of either the inside diameter of the pressure chamber or the inside diameter of the insulated furnace chamber, depending on which of the two chambers is located inside the other.

2B005 Equipment specially designed for the deposition, processing and in-process control of inorganic overlays, coatings and surface modifications, as follows, for non-electronic substrates, by processes shown in the Table and associated Notes following 2E003.f, and specially designed automated handling, positioning, manipulation and control components therefor.

2B006 Dimensional inspection or measuring systems, equipment, and "electronic assemblies", as follows (see List of Items Controlled).

a. Computer controlled or "numerically controlled" Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM), having a three dimensional length (volumetric) maximum permissible error of length measurement (E0,MPE) at any point within the operating range of the machine (i.e., within the length of axes) equal to or less (better) than (1.7 + L/1,000) [mu]m (L is the measured length in mm) according to ISO 10360-2 (2009);

Technical Note: The E0,MPE of the most accurate configuration of the CMM specified by the manufacturer (e.g., best of the following: Probe, stylus length, motion parameters,environment) and with "all compensations available" shall be compared to the 1.7 + L/1,000 [mu]m threshold.

b. Linear and angular displacement measuring instruments, as follows:

b.1. `Linear displacement' measuring instruments having any of the following:

Technical Note:

For the purpose of 2B006.b.1 `linear displacement' means the change of distance between the measuring probe and the measured object.

b.1.a. Non-contact type measuring systems with a "resolution" equal to or less (better) than 0.2 [mu]m within a measuring range up to 0.2 mm;

b.1.b. Linear voltage differential transformer systems having all of the following:

b.1.b.1. "Linearity" equal to or less (better) than 0.1% within a measuring range up to 5 mm; and

b.1.b.2. Drift equal to or less (better) than 0.1% per day at a standard ambient test room temperature 1 K;

b.1.c. Measuring systems having all of the following:

b.1.c.1. Containing a "laser"; and

b.1.c.2. Maintaining, for at least 12 hours, at a temperature of 20 1 [deg]C, all of the following:

b.1.c.2.a. A "resolution" over their full scale of 0.1 [mu]m or less (better); and

b.1.c.2.b. Capable of achieving a "measurement uncertainty", when compensated for the refractive index of air, equal to or less (better) than (0.2 + L/2,000) [mu]m (L is the measured length in mm); or

b.1.d "Electronic assemblies" specially designed to provide feedback capability in systems controlled by 2B006.b.1.c;

Note:

2B006.b.1 does not control measuring interferometer systems, with an automatic control system that is designed to use no feedback techniques, containing a "laser" to measure slide movement errors of machine-tools, dimensional inspection machines or similar equipment.

b.2. Angular displacement measuring instruments having an "angular position deviation" equal to or less (better) than 0.00025[deg];

Note:

2B006.b.2 does not control optical instruments, such as autocollimators, using collimated light (e.g., laser light) to detect angular displacement of a mirror.

c. Equipment for measuring surface irregularities, by measuring optical scatter as a function of angle, with a sensitivity of 0.5 nm or less (better).

Note:

2B006 includes machine tools, other than those specified by 2B001, that can be used as measuring machines, if they meet or exceed the criteria specified for the measuring machine function.

2B007 "Robots" having any of the following characteristics described in the List of Items Controlled and specially designed controllers and "end-effectors" therefor.

a. Capable in real time of full three-dimensional image processing or full three-dimensional `scene analysis' to generate or modify "programs" or to generate or modify numerical program data;

Technical Note:

The `scene analysis' limitation does not include approximation of the third dimension by viewing at a given angle, or limited grey scale interpretation for the perception of depth or texture for the approved tasks (2\1/2\ D).

b. Specially designed to comply with national safety standards applicable to potentially explosive munitions environments;

Note: 2B007.b does not apply to "robots" specially designed for paint-spraying booths.

c. Specially designed or rated as radiation-hardened to withstand a total radiation dose greater than 5 x 10\3\ Gy (silicon) without operational degradation; or

Technical Note:

The term Gy (silicon) refers to the energy in Joules per kilogram absorbed by an unshielded silicon sample when exposed to ionizing radiation.

d. Specially designed to operate at altitudes exceeding 30,000m.

2B008 Assemblies or Units, Specially Designed for Machine Tools, or Dimensional Inspection or Measuring Systems and Equipment, as Follows (See List of Items Controlled)

a. Linear position feedback units having an overall "accuracy" less (better) than (800 + (600 x L x 10-3)) nm (L equals the effective length in mm);

N.B.: For "laser" systems see also 2B006.b.1.c and d.

b. Rotary position feedback units having an "accuracy" less (better) than 0.00025[deg];

N.B.: For "laser" systems see also 2B006.b.2.

Note: 2B008.a and 2B008.b apply to units, which are designed to determine the positioning information for feedback control, such as inductive type devices, graduated scales, infrared systems or "laser" systems.

c. "Compound rotary tables" and "tilting spindles", capable of upgrading, according to the manufacturer's specifications, machine tools to or above the levels controlled by 2B001 to 2B009.

2B009 Spin-forming machines and flow-forming machines, which, according to the manufacturer's technical specifications, can be equipped with "numerical control" units or a computer control and having all of the following characteristics (see List of Items Controlled).

Technical Note: For the purpose of 2B009, machines combining the function of spin-forming and flow-forming are regarded as flow-forming machines.

2B018 Equipment on the Wassenaar Arrangement Munitions List.

Specialized machinery, equipment, gear, and specially designed parts and accessories therefor, including but not limited to the following, that are specially designed for the examination, manufacture, testing, and checking of arms, appliances, machines, and implements of war:

a. Armor plate drilling machines, other than radial drilling machines;

b. Armor plate planing machines;

c. Armor plate quenching presses;

d. Centrifugal casting machines capable of casting tubes 6 feet (183 cm) or more in length, with a wall thickness of 2 inches (5 cm) and over;

e. Gun barrel rifling and broaching machines, and tools therefor;

f. Gun barrel rifling machines;

g. Gun barrel trepanning machines;

h. Gun boring and turning machines;

i. Gun honing machines of 6 feet (183 cm) stroke or more;

j. Gun jump screw lathes;

k. Gun rifling machines;

l. Gun straightening presses

m. Induction hardening machines for tank turret rings and sprockets;

n. Jigs and fixtures and other metal-working implements or accessories of the kinds exclusively designed for use in the manufacture of firearms, ordnance, and other stores and appliances for land, sea, or aerial warfare;

o. Small arms chambering machines;

p. Small arms deep hole drilling machines and drills therefor;

q. Small arms rifling machines;

r. Small arms spill boring machines;

s. Tank turret bearing grinding machines.

2B104 "Isostatic presses", other than those controlled by 2B004, having all of the following characteristics (see List of Items Controlled).

2B109 Flow-forming machines, other than those controlled by 2B009, and specially designed components therefor.

Technical Notes:

1. Machines combining the function of spin- forming and flow-forming are for the purpose of 2B109 regarded as flow-forming machines.

2. 2B109 does not control machines that are not usable in the "production" of propulsion components and equipment (e.g. motor cases) for systems in 9A005, 9A007.a, or 9A105.a.

2B116 Vibration test systems and equipment, usable for rockets, missiles, or unmanned aerial vehicles capable of achieving a "range" equal to or greater than 300 km and their subsystems, and components therefor, as follows (see List of Items Controlled).

Technical Note:

(1) `Bare table' means a flat table, or surface, with no fixture or fitting.

(2) `Real-time control bandwidth' is defined as the maximum rate at which a controller can execute complete cycles of sampling, processing data and transmitting control signals.

2B117 Equipment and process controls, other than those controlled by 2B004, 2B005.a, 2B104 or 2B105, designed or modified for the densification and pyrolysis of structural composite rocket nozzles and reentry vehicle nose tips.

2B119 Balancing machines and related equipment, as follows (see List of Items Controlled).

Note: 2B119.a. does not control balancing machines designed or modified for dental or other medical equipment.

Note: Indicator heads are sometimes known as balancing instrumentation.

2B120 Motion simulators or rate tables (equipment capable of simulating motion), having all of the following characteristics (see List of Items Controlled).

Note: 2B120 does not control rotary tables designed or modified for machine tools or for medical equipment. For controls on machine tool rotary tables see 2B008.

2B121 Positioning tables (equipment capable of precise rotary position in any axis), other than those controlled in 2B120, having all the following characteristics (See List of Items Controlled).

Note: 2B121 does not control rotary tables designed or modified for machine tools or for medical equipment. For controls on machine tool rotary tables see 2B008.

2B122 Centrifuges capable of imparting accelerations above 100 g and designed or modified to incorporate sliprings or integrated non-contact devices capable of transferring electrical power, signal information, or both.

2B201 Machine tools, other than those controlled by 2B001, for removing or cutting metals, ceramics or "composites", which, according to the manufacturer's technical specifications, can be equipped with electronic devices for simultaneous "contouring control" in two or more axes.

Note: The identified positioning accuracy values in this entry are based on ISO 230/2 (2006), which equates to the values based on ISO 230/2 (1988) that are used by the Nuclear Supplier's Group (NSG). For 2B201.a and b.1, this results in a change from 6 µ m to 4.5 µ m, in Note to 2B201.b paragraph .b the change is 30 µ m to 22.5 µ m, and for 2B201.c the change is from 4 µ m to 3 µ m.

Note: Item 2B201.a does not control bar machines (Swissturn), limited to machining only bar feed thru, if maximum bar diameter is equal to or less than 42 mm and there is no capability of mounting chucks. Machines may have drilling and/or milling capabilities for machining parts with diameters less than 42 mm.

Note: 2B201.b does not control milling machines having the following characteristics:

a. X-axis travel greater than 2 m; and

b. Overall positioning accuracy according to ISO 230/2 (2006) on the x-axis more (worse) than 22.5 µ m.

Note: 2B201.c does not control the following grinding machines:

a. Cylindrical external, internal, and external-internal grinding machines having all of the following characteristics:

1. Limited to cylindrical grinding;

2. A maximum workpiece outside diameter or length of 150 mm;

3. Not more than two axes that can be coordinated simultaneously for "contouring control"; and

4. No contouring c-axis.

b. Jig grinders with axes limited to x, y, c and a where c axis is used to maintain the grinding wheel normal to the work surface, and the a axis is configured to grind barrel cams;

c. Tool or cutter grinding machines with "software" specially designed for the production of tools or cutters; or

d. Crankshaft or camshaft grinding machines.

2B204 "Isostatic presses", other than those controlled by 2B004 or 2B104, and related equipment, as follows (see List of Items Controlled).

2B206 Dimensional inspection machines, instruments or systems, other than those described in 2B006, as follows (see List of Items Controlled).

Technical Notes:

(1) The probe used in determining the measurement uncertainty of a dimensional inspection system shall be described in VDI/VDE 2617 parts 2, 3 and 4.

(2) All parameters of measurement values in this entry represent plus/minus, i.e., not total band.

Note: 2B206.c does not control optical instruments, such as autocollimators, using collimated light to detect angular displacement of a mirror.

2B207 "Robots", "end-effectors" and control units, other than those controlled by 2B007, as follows (see List of Items Controlled).

2B209 Flow forming machines, spin forming machines capable of flow forming functions, other than those controlled by 2B009 or 2B109, and mandrels, as follows (see List of Items Controlled).

Note: 2B209.a includes machines that have only a single roller designed to deform metal, plus two auxiliary rollers that support the mandrel, but do not participate directly in the deformation process.

2B225 Remote manipulators that can be used to provide remote actions in radiochemical separation operations or hot cells, having either of the following characteristics (see List of Items Controlled).

Technical Note: Remote manipulators provide translation of human operator actions to a remote operating arm and terminal fixture. They may be of "master/slave" type or operated by joystick or keypad.

2B226 Controlled atmosphere (vacuum or inert gas) induction furnaces, and power supplies therefor, as follows (see List of Items Controlled).

2B227 Vacuum or other controlled atmosphere metallurgical melting and casting furnaces and related equipment, as follows (see List of Items Controlled).

2B228 Rotor fabrication and assembly equipment, rotor straightening equipment, bellows-forming mandrels and dies, as follows (see List of Items Controlled).

Note: 2B228.a includes precision mandrels, clamps, and shrink fit machines.

Technical Note: The rotor straightening equipment in 2B228.b normally consists of precision measuring probes linked to a computer that subsequently controls the action of, for example, pneumatic rams used for aligning the rotor tube sections.

Technical Note: In 2B228.c, the bellows have all of the following characteristics:

1. Inside diameter between 75 mm and 400 mm;

2. Length equal to or greater than 12.7 mm;

3. Single convolution depth greater than 2 mm; and

4. Made of high-strength aluminum alloys, maraging steel or high strength "fibrous or filamentary materials".

2B229 Centrifugal multiplane balancing machines, fixed or portable, horizontal or vertical, as follows (see List of Items Controlled).

2B230 "Pressure transducers" capable of measuring absolute pressures at any point in the range 0 to 13 kPa and having both of the following characteristics (see List of Items Controlled).

2B231 Vacuum pumps having all of the following characteristics (see List of Items Controlled).

2B232 Multistage light gas guns or other high-velocity gun systems (coil, electromagnetic, and electrothermal types, and other advanced systems) capable of accelerating projectiles to 2 km/s or greater.

2B290 "Numerically controlled" machine tools not controlled by 2B001 or 2B201.

2B350 Chemical manufacturing facilities and equipment, except valves controlled by 2A226 or 2A292, as follows (see List of Items Controlled).

License Requirement Note

This ECCN does not control equipment that is both:

(1) Specially designed for use in civil applications (e.g., food processing, pulp and paper processing, or water purification) and

(2) inappropriate, by the nature of its design, for use in storing, processing, producing or conducting and controlling the flow of the chemical weapons precursors controlled by 1C350.

Technical Note to 2B350.g: The `nominal size' is defined as the smaller of the inlet and outlet port diameters

Technical Note 1: Carbon-graphite is a composition consisting primarily of graphite and amorphous carbon, in which the graphite is 8 percent or more by weight of the composition.

Technical Note 2: For the items listed in 2B350, the term `alloy,' when not accompanied by a specific elemental concentration, is understood as identifying those alloys where the identified metal is present in a higher percentage by weight than any other element.

Technical Note 3: The materials used for gaskets, packing, seals, screws or washers, or other materials performing a sealing function, do not determine the control status of the items in this ECCN, provided that such components are designed to be interchangeable.

2B351 Toxic gas monitoring systems and their dedicated detecting components (i.e., detectors, sensor devices, and replaceable sensor cartridges), as follows, except those systems and detectors controlled by ECCN 1A004.c (see List of Items Controlled).

2B352 Equipment capable of use in handling biological materials, as follows (see List of Items Controlled).

Technical Note: Centrifugal separators include decanters.

Technical Note: In this ECCN, "sterilized" denotes the elimination of all viable microbes from the equipment through the use of either physical (e.g., steam) or chemical agents. "Disinfected" denotes the destruction of potential microbial infectivity in the equipment through the use of chemical agents with a germicidal effect.

"Disinfection" and "sterilization" are distinct from "sanitization", the latter referring to cleaning procedures designed to lower the microbial content of equipment without necessarily achieving elimination of all microbial infectivity or viability.

Technical Note: This entry does not control suits designed to be worn with self-contained breathing apparatus.

Technical Notes:

1. "Aerosol generating units" are devices specially designed or modified for fitting to aircraft and include nozzles, rotary drum atomizers and similar devices.

2. This ECCN does not control spraying or fogging systems and components, as specified in 2B352.h., that are demonstrated not to be capable of delivering biological agents in the form of infectious aerosols.

3. Droplet size for spray equipment or nozzles specially designed for use on aircraft or "UAVs" should be measured using either of the following methods (pending the adoption of internationally accepted standards):

a. Doppler laser method,

b. Forward laser diffraction method.

2B991 Numerical control units for machine tools and "numerically controlled" machine tools, n.e.s.

Note: 2B991.d.1.a. applies to machine tools for grinding or milling only.

Note: 2B991.d.1.b. applies to machine tools for turning only.

2B992 Non-"numerically controlled" machine tools for generating optical quality surfaces, and specially designed components therefor.

Technical Note: The bidirectional slide positioning repeatability (R) of an axis is the maximum value of the repeatability of positioning at any position along or around the axis determined using the procedure and under the conditions specified in part 2.11 of ISO 230/2: 1988.

2B993 Gearmaking and/or finishing machinery not controlled by 2B003 capable of producing gears to a quality level of better than AGMA 11.

2B996 Dimensional inspection or measuring systems or equipment not controlled by 2B006.

2B997 "Robots" not controlled by 2B007 or 2B207 that are capable of employing feedback information in real-time processing from one or more sensors to generate or modify "programs" or to generate or modify numerical program data.

2B998 Assemblies, units or inserts specially designed for machine tools controlled by 2B991, or for equipment controlled by 2B993, 2B996 or 2B997.

2B999 Specific Processing Equipment, n.e.s., as Follows (See List of Items Controlled).

C. MATERIALS {RESERVED}

D. SOFTWARE

2D001 "Software", other than that controlled by 2D002, specially designed or modified for the "development", "production" or "use" of equipment controlled by 2A001 or 2B001 to 2B009.

License Requirement Notes: See §743.1 of the EAR for reporting requirements for exports under License Exceptions.

2D002 "Software" for electronic devices, even when residing in an electronic device or system, enabling such devices or systems to function as a "numerical control" unit, capable of coordinating simultaneously more than 4 axes for "contouring control".

Note 1: 2D002 does not control "software" specially designed or modified for the operation of machine tools not controlled by Category 2.

Note 2: 2D002 does not control "software" for items controlled by 2B002. See 2D001 for control of "software" for items controlled by 2B002.

The list of items controlled is contained in the ECCN heading.

2D018 "Software" for the "development", "production" or "use" of equipment controlled by 2B018.

2D101 "Software" specially designed or modified for the "use" of equipment controlled by 2B104, 2B105, 2B109, 2B116, 2B117, or 2B119 to 2B122.

2D201 "Software" specially designed for the "use" of equipment controlled by 2B204, 2B206, 2B207, 2B209, 2B227 or 2B229.

2D202 "Software" specially designed or modified for the "development", "production" or "use" of equipment controlled by 2B201.

2D290 "Software" specially designed or modified for the "development", "production" or "use" of items controlled by 2A290, 2A291, 2A292, 2A293, or 2B290.

2D351 Dedicated "software" for toxic gas monitoring systems and their dedicated detecting components controlled by ECCN 2B351.

2D983 "Software" specially designed or modified for the "development", "production" or "use" of equipment controlled by 2A983.

2D984 "Software" "required" for the "development", "production" or "use" of concealed object detection equipment controlled by 2A984.

2D991 "Software" specially designed for the "development", "production", or "use" of equipment controlled by 2B991, 2B993, or 2B996, 2B997, and 2B998.

2D992. Specific "software", as follows (see List of Items Controlled).

Note: 2D992.a does not control "software" which only provides rescheduling of functionally identical equipment within "flexible manufacturing units" using pre-stored part programs and a pre-stored strategy for the distribution of the part programs.

2D994 "Software" specially designed for the "development" or "production" of portable electric generators controlled by 2A994.

Note: Exports from the U.S. and transhipments to Iran must be licensed by the Department of Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control. (See §742.8 and §746.7 for additional information on this requirement.)

E. TECHNOLOGY

2E001 "Technology" according to the General Technology Note for the "development" of equipment or "software" controlled by 2A (except 2A983, 2A984, 2A991, or 2A994), 2B (except 2B991, 2B993, 2B996, 2B997, or 2B998), or 2D (except 2D983, 2D984, 2D991, 2D992, or 2D994).

License Requirement Notes: See Sec. 743.1 of the EAR for reporting requirements for exports under License Exceptions.

Note: ECCN 2E001 includes "technology" for the integration of probe systems into coordinate measurement machines specified by 2B006.a.

2E002 "Technology" according to the General Technology Note for the "production" of equipment controlled by 2A (except 2A983, 2A984, 2A991, or 2A994), or 2B (except 2B991, 2B993, 2B996, 2B997, or 2B998).

License Requirement Notes: See Sec. 743.1 of the EAR for reporting requirements for exports under License Exceptions.

2E003 Other "technology", as follows (see List of Items Controlled).

N.B. This table should be read to control the technology of a particular `Coating Process' only when the resultant coating in column 3 is in a paragraph directly across from the relevant `Substrate' under column 2. For example, Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) `coating process' technical data are controlled for the application of `silicides' to `Carbon-carbon, Ceramic and Metal "matrix" "composites" substrates, but are not controlled for the application of `silicides' to `Cemented tungsten carbide (16), Silicon carbide (18)' substrates. In the second case, the resultant coating is not listed in the paragraph under column 3 directly across from the paragraph under column 2 listing `Cemented tungsten carbide (16), Silicon carbide (18)'.

Notes to Table on Deposition Techniques:

1. The term 'coating process' includes coating repair and refurbishing as well as original coating.

2. The term 'alloyed aluminide coating' includes single or multiple-step coatings in which an element or elements are deposited prior to or during application of the aluminide coating, even if these elements are deposited by another coating process. It does not, however, include the multiple use of single-step pack cementation processes to achieve alloyed aluminides.

3. The term 'noble metal modified aluminide' coating includes multiple-step coatings in which the noble metal or noble metals are laid down by some other coating process prior to application of the aluminide coating.

4. The term 'mixtures thereof' includes infiltrated material, graded compositions, co-deposits and multilayer deposits and are obtained by one or more of the coating processes specified in the Table.

5. MCrAlX refers to a coating alloy where M equals cobalt, iron, nickel or combinations thereof and X equals hafnium, yttrium, silicon, tantalum in any amount or other intentional additions over 0.01% by weight in various proportions and combinations, except:

a. CoCrAlY coatings which contain less than 22% by weight of chromium, less than 7% by weight of aluminum and less than 2% by weight of yttrium;

b. CoCrAlY coatings which contain 22 to 24% by weight of chromium, 10 to 12% by weight of aluminum and 0.5 to 0.7% by weight of yttrium; or

c. NiCrAlY coatings which contain 21 to 23% by weight of chromium, 10 to 12% by weight of aluminum and 0.9 to 1.1% by weight of yttrium.

6. The term 'aluminum alloys' refers to alloys having an ultimate tensile strength of 190 MPa or more measured at 293 K (20 C).

7. The term 'corrosion resistant steel' refers to AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute) 300 series or equivalent national standard steels.

8. 'Refractory metals and alloys' include the following metals and their alloys: niobium (columbium), molybdenum, tungsten and tantalum.

9. 'Sensor window materials', as follows: alumina, silicon, germanium, zinc sulphide, zinc selenide, gallium arsenide, diamond, gallium phosphide, sapphire and the following metal halides: sensor window materials of more than 40 mm diameter for zirconium fluoride and hafnium fluoride.

10. "Technology" for single-step pack cementation of solid airfoils is not controlled by Category 2.

11. 'Polymers', as follows: polyimide, polyester, polysulfide, polycarbonates and polyurethanes.

12. 'Modified zirconia' refers to additions of other metal oxides, (e.g., calcia, magnesia, yttria, hafnia, rare earth oxides) to zirconia in order to stabilize certain crystallographic phases and phase compositions. Thermal barrier coatings made of zirconia, modified with calcia or magnesia by mixing or fusion, are not controlled.

13. 'Titanium alloys' refers only to aerospace alloys having an ultimate tensile strength of 900 MPa or more measured at 293 K (20 C).

14. 'Low-expansion glasses' refers to glasses which have a coefficient of thermal expansion of 1 x 10^-7 K^-1 or less measured at 293 K (20C).

15. 'Dielectric layers' are coatings constructed of multi-layers of insulator materials in which the interference properties of a design composed of materials of various refractive indices are used to reflect, transmit or absorb various wavelength bands. Dielectric layers refers to more than four dielectric layers or dielectric/metal "composite" layers.

16. 'Cemented tungsten carbide' does not include cutting and forming tool materials consisting of tungsten carbide/(cobalt, nickel), titanium carbide/(cobalt, nickel), chromium carbide/nickel-chromium and chromium carbide/nickel.

17. "Technology" specially designed to deposit diamond-like carbon on any of the following is not controlled: magnetic disk drives and heads, equipment for the manufacture of disposables, valves for faucets, acoustic diaphragms for speakers, engine parts for automobiles, cutting tools, punching-pressing dies, office automation equipment, microphones, medical devices or molds, for casting or molding of plastics, manufactured from alloys containing less than 5% beryllium.

18. 'Silicon carbide' does not include cutting and forming tool materials.

19. Ceramic substrates, as used in this entry, does not include ceramic materials containing 5% by weight, or greater, clay or cement content, either as separate constituents or in combination.

Technical Note to Table on Deposition Techniques: Processes specified in Column 1 of the Table are defined as follows:

a. Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) is an overlay coating or surface modification coating process wherein a metal, alloy, "composite", dielectric or ceramic is deposited upon a heated substrate. Gaseous reactants are decomposed or combined in the vicinity of a substrate resulting in the deposition of the desired elemental, alloy or compound material on the substrate. Energy for this decomposition or chemical reaction process may be provided by the heat of the substrate, a glow discharge plasma, or "laser" irradiation.

Note 1: CVD includes the following processes: directed gas flow out-of-pack deposition, pulsating CVD, controlled nucleation thermal decomposition (CNTD), plasma enhanced or plasma assisted CVD processes.

Note 2: Pack denotes a substrate immersed in a powder mixture.

Note 3: The gaseous reactants used in the out-of-pack process are produced using the same basic reactions and parameters as the pack cementation process, except that the substrate to be coated is not in contact with the powder mixture.

b. Thermal Evaporation-Physical Vapor Deposition (TE-PVD) is an overlay coating process conducted in a vacuum with a pressure less than 0.1 Pa wherein a source of thermal energy is used to vaporize the coating material. This process results in the condensation, or deposition, of the evaporated species onto appropriately positioned substrates. The addition of gases to the vacuum chamber during the coating process to synthesize compound coatings is an ordinary modification of the process. The use of ion or electron beams, or plasma, to activate or assist the coating's deposition is also a common modification in this technique. The use of monitors to provide in-process measurement of optical characteristics and thickness of coatings can be a feature of these processes. Specific TE-PVD processes are as follows:

1. Electron Beam PVD uses an electron beam to heat and evaporate the material which forms the coating;

2. Ion Assisted Resistive Heating PVD employs electrically resistive heating sources in combination with impinging ion beam(s) to produce a controlled and uniform flux of evaporated coating species;

3. "Laser" Vaporization uses either pulsed or continuous wave "laser" beams to vaporize the material which forms the coating;

4. Cathodic Arc Deposition employs a consumable cathode of the material which forms the coating and has an arc discharge established on the surface by a momentary contact of a ground trigger. Controlled motion of arcing erodes the cathode surface creating a highly ionized plasma. The anode can be either a cone attached to the periphery of the cathode, through an insulator, or the chamber. Substrate biasing is used for non line-of-sight deposition.

Note: This definition does not include random cathodic arc deposition with non-biased substrates.

5. Ion Plating is a special modification of a general TE-PVD process in which a plasma or an ion source is used to ionize the species to be deposited, and a negative bias is applied to the substrate in order to facilitate the extraction of the species from the plasma. The introduction of reactive species, evaporation of solids within the process chamber, and the use of monitors to provide in-process measurement of optical characteristics and thicknesses of coatings are ordinary modifications of the process.

c. Pack Cementation is a surface modification coating or overlay coating process wherein a substrate is immersed in a powder mixture (a pack), that consists of:

1. The metallic powders that are to be deposited (usually aluminum, chromium, silicon or combinations thereof);

2. An activator (normally a halide salt); and

3. An inert powder, most frequently alumina.

Note: The substrate and powder mixture is contained within a retort which is heated to between 1,030 K (757 C) to 1,375 K (1,102 C) for sufficient time to deposit the coating.

d. Plasma Spraying is an overlay coating process wherein a gun (spray torch) which produces and controls a plasma accepts powder or wire coating materials, melts them and propels them towards a substrate, whereon an integrally bonded coating is formed. Plasma spraying constitutes either low pressure plasma spraying or high velocity plasma spraying.

Note 1: Low pressure means less than ambient atmospheric pressure.

Note 2: High velocity refers to nozzle-exit gas velocity exceeding 750 m/s calculated at 293 K (20 C) at 0.1 MPa.

e. Slurry Deposition is a surface modification coating or overlay coating process wherein a metallic or ceramic powder with an organic binder is suspended in a liquid and is applied to a substrate by either spraying, dipping or painting, subsequent air or oven drying, and heat treatment to obtain the desired coating.

f. Sputter Deposition is an overlay coating process based on a momentum transfer phenomenon, wherein positive ions are accelerated by an electric field towards the surface of a target (coating material). The kinetic energy of the impacting ions is sufficient to cause target surface atoms to be released and deposited on an appropriately positioned substrate.

Note 1: The Table refers only to triode, magnetron or reactive sputter deposition which is used to increase adhesion of the coating and rate of deposition and to radio frequency (RF) augmented sputter deposition used to permit vaporization of non-metallic coating materials.

Note 2: Low-energy ion beams (less than 5 keV) can be used to activate the deposition.

g. Ion Implantation is a surface modification coating process in which the element to be alloyed is ionized, accelerated through a potential gradient and implanted into the surface region of the substrate. This includes processes in which ion implantation is performed simultaneously with electron beam physical vapor deposition or sputter deposition.

Accompanying Technical Information to Table on Deposition Techniques:

1. "Technology" for pretreatments of the substrates listed in the Table, as follows:

a. Chemical stripping and cleaning bath cycle parameters, as follows:

1. Bath composition;

a. For the removal of old or defective coatings corrosion product or foreign deposits;

b. For preparation of virgin substrates;

2. Time in bath;

3. Temperature of bath;

4. Number and sequences of wash cycles;

b. Visual and macroscopic criteria for acceptance of the cleaned part;

c. Heat treatment cycle parameters, as follows:

1. Atmosphere parameters, as follows:

a. Composition of the atmosphere;

b. Pressure of the atmosphere;

2. Temperature for heat treatment;

3. Time of heat treatment;

d. Substrate surface preparation parameters, as follows:

1. Grit blasting parameters, as follows:

a. Grit composition;

b. Grit size and shape;

c. Grit velocity;

2. Time and sequence of cleaning cycle after grit blast;

3. Surface finish parameters;

4. Application of binders to promote adhesion;

e. Masking technique parameters, as follows:

1. Material of mask;

2. Location of mask;

2. "Technology" for in situ quality assurance techniques for evaluation of the coating processes listed in the Table, as follows

a. Atmosphere parameters, as follows:

1. Composition of the atmosphere;

2. Pressure of the atmosphere;

b. Time parameters;

c. Temperature parameters;

d. Thickness parameters;

e. Index of refraction parameters;

f. Control of composition;

3. "Technology" for post deposition treatments of the coated substrates listed in the Table, as follows:

a. Shot peening parameters, as follows:

1. Shot composition;

2. Shot size;

3. Shot velocity;

b. Post shot peening cleaning parameters;

c. Heat treatment cycle parameters, as follows:

1. Atmosphere parameters, as follows:

a. Composition of the atmosphere;

b. Pressure of the atmosphere;

2. Time-temperature cycles;

d. Post heat treatment visual and macroscopic criteria for acceptance of the coated substrates;

4. "Technology" for quality assurance techniques for the evaluation of the coated substrates listed in the Table, as follows:

a. Statistical sampling criteria;

b. Microscopic criteria for:

1. Magnification;

2. Coating thickness, uniformity;

3. Coating integrity;

4. Coating composition;

5. Coating and substrates bonding;

6. Microstructural uniformity.

c. Criteria for optical properties assessment (measured as a function of wavelength):

1. Reflectance;

2. Transmission;

3. Absorption;

4. Scatter;

5. "Technology" and parameters related to specific coating and surface modification processes listed in the Table, as follows:

a. For Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD):

1. Coating source composition and formulation;

2. Carrier gas composition;

3. Substrate temperature;

4. Time-temperature-pressure cycles;

5. Gas control and part manipulation;

b. For Thermal Evaporation-Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD):

1. Ingot or coating material source composition;

2. Substrate temperature;

3. Reactive gas composition;

4. Ingot feed rate or material vaporization rate;

5. Time-temperature-pressure cycles;

6. Beam and part manipulation;

7. "Laser" parameters, as follows:

a. Wave length;

b. Power density;

c. Pulse length;

d. Repetition ratio;

e. Source;

c. For Pack Cementation:

1. Pack composition and formulation;

2. Carrier gas composition;

3. Time-temperature-pressure cycles

d. For Plasma Spraying:

1. Powder composition, preparation and size distributions;

2. Feed gas composition and parameters;

3. Substrate temperature;

4. Gun power parameters;

5. Spray distance;

6. Spray angle;

7. Cover gas composition, pressure and flow rates;

8. Gun control and part manipulation;

e. For Sputter Deposition:

1. Target composition and fabrication;

2. Geometrical positioning of part and target;

3. Reactive gas composition;

4. Electrical bias;

5. Time-temperature-pressure cycles;

6. Triode power;

7. Part manipulation;

f. For Ion Implantation:

1. Beam control and part manipulation;

2. Ion source design details;

3. Control techniques for ion beam and deposition rate parameters;

4. Time-temperature-pressure cycles.

g. For Ion Plating:

1. Beam control and part manipulation;

2. Ion source design details;

3. Control techniques for ion beam and deposition rate parameters;

4. Time-temperature-pressure cycles;

5. Coating material feed rate and vaporization rate;

6. Substrate temperature;

7. Substrate bias parameters.

2E018 "Technology" for the "use" of equipment controlled by 2B018.

2E101 "Technology" according to the General Technology Note for the "use" of equipment or "software" controlled by 2B004, 2B009, 2B104, 2B105, 2B109, 2B116, 2B117, 2B119 to 2B122, 2D001, 2D002 or 2D101.

2E201 Technology" according to the General Technology Note for the "use" of equipment or "software" controlled by 2A225, 2A226, 2B001, 2B006, 2B007.b, 2B007.c, 2B201, 2B204, 2B206, 2B207, 2B209, 2B225 to 2B232, 2D002, 2D201 or 2D202 for NP reasons.

2E290 "Technology" according to the General Technology Note for the "use" of equipment controlled by 2A290, 2A291, 2A292, 2A293, or 2B290.

2E301 "Technology" according to the "General Technology Note" for "use" of items controlled by 2B350, 2B351 and 2B352.

2E983 "Technology" specially designed or modified for the "development", "production" or "use" of equipment controlled by 2A983, or the "development" of software controlled by 2D983.

2E984 "Technology" "required" for the "development", "production" or "use" of equipment controlled by 2A984 or "required" for the "development" of "software" controlled by 2D984.

(1) "Technology" "required" for the "development", "production" or "use" of concealed object detection equipment operating in the frequency range from 30 GHz to 3000 GHz and having a spatial resolution less than 0.5 milliradian (a lower milliradian number means a more accurate image resolution) at a standoff distance of 100 meters or "required" for the "development" of "software" "required" for the "development", "production" or "use" of concealed object detection equipment operating in the frequency range from 30 GHz to 3000 GHz and having a spatial resolution less than 0.5 milliradian at a standoff distance of 100 meters is under the export licensing authority of the U.S. Department of State (22 CFR parts 120 through 130).

(2) "Technology" "required" for the "development", "production" or "use" of concealed object detection equipment operating in the frequency range from 30 GHz to 3000 GHz and having a spatial resolution greater than 1 milliradian spatial resolution (a higher milliradian number means a less accurate image resolution) at a standoff distance of 100 meters or "required" for the "development" of "software" "required" for the "development", "production" or "use" of concealed object detection equipment operating in the frequency range from 30 GHz to 3000 GHz and having a spatial resolution greater than 1 milliradian spatial resolution (a higher milliradian number means a less accurate image resolution) at a standoff distance of 100 meters is designated as EAR99.

(3) See ECCNs 2A984 and 2D984 for related commodity and software controls.

Related Definitions: N/A

Items: The list of items controlled is contained in the ECCN heading.

2E991 "Technology" for the "use" of equipment controlled by 2B991, 2B993, 2B996, or 2B997.

2E994 "Technology" for the "use" of portable electric generators controlled by 2A994.

Note: Exports from the U.S. and transhipments to Iran must be licensed by the Department of Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control. (See §742.8 and §746.7 of the EAR for additional information on this requirement.)

EAR99 Items Subject to the EAR That Are Not Elsewhere Specified in This CCL Category or in Any Other Category in the CCL Are Designated by the Number EAR99.